COVID-19 is revealing a deep divide in the mental health of college students, with some having much more difficulty with their emotional well-being during the pandemic than others, according to a new Dartmouth study.
The multiyear study comparing the first full year of COVD-19 against the year immediately prior shows how the mental health and behavior of college students has changed in response to the public health crisis.
The study is the first to use mobile technology to compare mental health for the same study group for complete 12-month periods before and during the pandemic, and it demonstrates how smartphone technology and artificial intelligence can be used as an “early detection system” for mental health.
“The pandemic has put students on a literal mental health roller coaster, mostly heading downward,” said Andrew Campbell, the Albert Bradley 1915 Third Century Professor of computer science at Dartmouth. “It’s become clear, however, that certain people are much worse off and affected than their counterparts as indicated by behaviors that can be continuously assessed through the application of mobile sensing technology.”
The longitudinal study used a smartphone app and digital questionnaires to assess depression, anxiety and stress in a volunteer group of 180 college students from one year prior to the pandemic (3/19-2/20) through the first full year of the pandemic (3/20-2/21). By monitoring phone usage, sleep, physical activity and mobility in the same group, researchers were able to detect patterns of behavior and infer details of individual emotional well-being.
The study identified two groups that experience the pandemic very differently. One group had significantly poorer mental health and higher COVID concerns—they slept less, were more sedentary, and used their phones considerably more than the other group. The students with elevated mental health challenges were generally found to have higher depression, anxiety, and stress coupled with lower self-esteem.
In general, heightened COVID-19 concern was found to be strongly linked to increased depression, anxiety and stress. One-third of the study participants reported a heightened COVID-19 concern throughout the entire first year of the pandemic.
“The behavioral changes that we see in the student population concur with the experiences of the general population and are concerning,” said Subigya Nepal, a Ph.D. candidate at Dartmouth and first author of the study. “What is truly surprising is the finding that there are subgroups of students who have had differing changes in mental health and behavior.”
On average, the study found that student behaviors have shifted and time spent engaging in multiple activities has substantially declined during the pandemic. Students are significantly less active and sleep more, but overall phone usage has increased.
